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- ╙╔╬╟╠┼ ╙╘┼╨ ╘╥┴├┼╥
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- BY EGBELL
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- ╫HEN DEBUGGING A PROGRAM, IT IS NECESSARY TO FOLLOW THE
- FLOW OF LOGIC. ╫HEN YOU GET UNEXPECTED RESULTS, IS THE PROGRAM
- DOING WHAT YOU WANT IT TO DO OR IS IT JUST DOING WHAT YOU TOLD
- IT TO DO. ╘HERE ARE SEVERAL UTILITIES OF SOME USEFULNESS IN
- MONITORING THIS.
- ╘HERE ARE 'DUMP' UTILITIES WHICH DUMP THE NAMES AND CURRENT
- VALUES OF ALL NON-ARRAY VARIABLES. ╘HIS CAN BE VERY USEFUL IN
- DETERMINING WHY SOMETHING IS HAPPENING IN A PROGRAM, BUT WITH
- THE SPEED OF EXECUTION AT WHICH A COMPUTER OPERATES, AND THE
- MANY TWISTS AND TURNS THE PROGRAM CAN TAKE WHILE GETTING FROM
- HERE TO THERE, IT CAN BE A LONG PROCESS OF FINDING OUT WHERE A
- PROBLEM ORIGINATED.
- ═ORE USEFUL ARE THE 'TRACE' UTILITIES. ╘HESE TRACE THE
- PROGRAM FLOW BY PRINTING THE LINE NUMBER OF THE ┬┴╙╔├ STATEMENT
- CURRENTLY BEING EXECUTED. ╔F YOU HAVE A ├OMMODORE 128 AND HAVE
- NEVER TRIED IT, ENTER THE ╘╥┴├┼ MODE BY TYPING ╘╥╧╬, THEN
- RUNNING ANY ┬┴╙╔├ PROGRAM. [╘╥╧╞╞ TOGGLES THIS FUNCTION OFF]
- ╘HERE HAVE BEEN MANY SUCH UTILITIES PUBLISHED FOR THE ├64 OVER
- THE YEARS ALSO, ALL OF WHICH FUNCTION BASICALLY THE SAME. ┴S
- HELPFUL AS THIS TYPE OF PROGRAM IS, THERE ARE SOME SERIOUS
- LIMITATIONS.
- ╞IRST, SCREEN DISPLAY IS HOPELESSLY DISRUPTED AS ROWS AND
- ROWS OF LINE NUMBERS ARE DUTIFULLY DISPLAYED ONSCREEN STARTING
- WHEREVER THE CURSOR HAPPENED TO BE RESTING AT THE TIME. ╘HERE
- IS MUCH INFORMATION PRESENTED, BUT IT IS CONFUSING IF YOU CAN
- USE IT AT ALL. ╘HIS IS PARTICULARLY TRUE IN THE CASE OF DEEPLY
- NESTED LOOPS OR ╟╧╙╒┬/╟╧╘╧ PROCEDURES.
- ╙ECOND, THE TRACE UTILITY, LIKE THE PROGRAM BEING TRACED,
- IS OPERATING AT EXTREME SPEEDS. ╔T IS VIRTUALLY IMPOSSIBLE TO
- FOLLOW THE EXECUTION UNLESS FREQUENTLY STOPPED BY USER INPUT OR
- ╙╘╧╨ STATEMENTS. ╘HIS CAN BE IRRITATING AND CONFUSING. ╔F YOU
- ╙╘╧╨ THE PROGRAM, YOU MUST START IT AGAIN WITH A ╟╧╘╧, ├╧╬╘, OR
- ╥╒╬. [╥UN WILL NOT PRESERVE YOUR VARIABLES.] ╔F YOU MERELY
- REQUEST USER INPUT, THE SCREEN DISPLAY PROBLEM MENTIONED ABOVE
- PRESENTS ITSELF.
- ╞INALLY, YOU LEARN LITTLE FROM A LINE NUMBER UNLESS YOU ARE
- WORKING WITH A PROGRAM LISTING IN FRONT OF YOU. ╧F COURSE,
- LISTING WILL NOT TELL YOU WHAT THE VARIABLES WILL BE AT
- DIFFERENT STAGES OF THE PROGRAM. ┴ND SINCE YOU WROTE THE
- PROGRAM, IT IS YOUR LOGIC. ╔F THE LISTING WERE WORKING AS
- EXPECTED, YOU WOULDN'T NEED TO TRACE THE FLOW. ╙O EVEN A
- LISTING IS OF LIMITED HELP IN BATTLING SOME BUGS.
- ╘HERE IS A SOLUTION. ╙╙ ╘RACE IS A IS A SHORT, SINGLE STEP
- TRACE ROUTINE WHICH WILL LEAD YOU ALONG THE PRECISE ROUTE YOUR
- PROGRAM IS TAKING. ┬UT IT DOES MORE!
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- ╘HERE IS NO DISRUPTION OF SCREEN DISPLAY EXCEPT THE TOP 2
- SCREEN LINES. ╔F YOU AVOID USING THESE LINES, YOUR DISPLAY WILL
- BE UNDISTURBED. ┬UT IT DOES STILL MORE!
- ═ORE THAN JUST THE LINE NUMBERS, THE COMPLETE LINE OF ┬┴╙╔├
- CODE ╘╧ ┬┼ ┼╪┼├╒╘┼─ IS DISPLAYED FOR YOU. ┘OU KNOW WHAT WILL
- TAKE PLACE AND WHERE IT WAS COMMANDED TO DO SO. ┘OU KNOW
- EXACTLY WHAT IS BEING TESTED IN THE ╔╞ STATEMENTS.
- ┼VEN DISPLAYING A LINE OF CODE WOULD BE OF MINIMAL VALUE IF
- IT HAPPENED AT EXTREME SPEED, SO ╙╙ ╘╥┴├┼ IS A ╙INGLE ╙TEPPER.
- ┘OU WILL STEP THROUGH YOUR PROGRAM ONE LINE AT A TIME. ┴FTER
- THE LINE IS DISPLAYED, YOU MUST PRESS THE ├╧══╧─╧╥┼ BUTTON AT
- THE LOWER LEFT CORNER OF THE KEYBOARD TO CONTINUE. ╫HEN YOU DO,
- THE LINE OF CODE YOU ARE LOOKING AT IS EXECUTED AND THE NEXT
- LINE TO BE EXECUTED IS DISPLAYED. ╔F THE CURRENT LINE SAYS ╟╧╘╧
- 50 THE NEXT LINE YOU WILL SEE IS LINE 50. ╘HIS FEATURE COULD
- ALSO BE HELPFUL TO NOVICE COMPUTER USERS WONDERING WHAT A LINE
- OF CODE DOES, FOR EXAMPLE, ╨╧╦┼ 53280,0.
- ╘HIS COULD GET OLD VERY FAST IF YOU ONLY NEEDED TO TRACE
- ONE SMALL SECTION OF THE PROGRAM, SO A SINGLE ╨╧╦┼ TOGGLES THE
- FUNCTION ON AND OFF. ╙IMPLY ╨╧╦┼ 249,1 TO ╘╥┴├┼ AND ╨╧╦┼ 249,0
- TO ╘╒╥╬ ╔╘ ╧╞╞. ╘HIS CAN BE FROM EITHER DIRECT OR PROGRAM
- MODE.
- ─UE TO THE WAY THE PROGRAM FUNCTIONS, IT IS BEST TO HAVE
- ╞╧╥ STATEMENTS ON LINES TO THEMSELVES AS THEY ARE PRINTED ONLY
- THE FIRST TIME THROUGH THE LOOP. ╘HIS IS NOT NECESSITY....
- MERELY HELPFUL.
- ╔F YOU USED
-
- 10 ╞╧╥ ╪=1 ╘╧ 10:╨╥╔╬╘"╙╔╬╟╠┼ ╙╘┼╨"
- 20 ╨╥╔╬╘ "╠╔╙╘╔╬╟ ╘╥┴├┼"
- 30 ╬┼╪╘
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- YOU WOULD SEE LINE TEN DISPLAYED ONCE THEN 20 AND 30 WOULD BE
- DISPLAYED FOR THE DURATION OF THE LOOP. ╘HE STRING IN LINE 10
- WOULD BE PRINTED EACH TIME, BUT THE LINE WOULD NOT BE
- DISPLAYED.
- ╙╙ ╘RACE IS RE-LOCATABLE. ╔F YOU CHOOSE ┬┴╙╔├ ╥┴═ [2048 TO
- 40960] YOU SHOULD GO NO LOWER THAN 32768 AND YOU CAN GO NO
- HIGHER THAN 40706. ╔F YOU CHOOSE THE ├ ┬╠╧├╦ OF ╥┴═ [49152 TO
- 53247] YOU CAN GO NO HIGHER THAN 52991. ┴CTUALLY, ╙╙ ╘RACE IS
- INSTALLED BY A ┬┴╙╔├ LOADER WHICH GETS THE LOAD ADDRESS OF YOUR
- CHOICE, ╨╧╦┼'S THE PROGRAM INTO MEMORY, MAKES TWO ADJUSTMENTS,
- AND, IF NECESSARY, PROTECTS THE PROGRAM FROM ┬┴╙╔├. ╞INALLY, IT
- STARTS ITSELF, AND DISPLAYS THE TOGGLE ADDRESS AND VALUES TO
- ACTIVATE AND DE-ACTIVATE THE UTILITY.
- ┴FTER YOU TYPE IN THE LOADER, SAVE IT. ╔T WILL BE ╬┼╫'ED
- AFTER SUCCESSFULLY INSTALLING ╙╙ ╘RACE. ╔F YOU SHOULD MAKE AN
- ERROR IN YOUR TYPING, THOUGH, THE PROGRAM WILL ABORT WITH NO
- DAMAGE DONE.
- ╘HE PROGRAM WORKS BY INTERCEPTING THE ├╚╥╟┼╘ ROUTINE AT
- ADDRESS 115 IN ZERO PAGE. ╔T RE-DIRECTS THIS ROUTINE TO A
- MODIFIED VERSION WHICH LISTS THE LINE EACH TIME A NEW LINE
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- NUMBER IS ENCOUNTERED.
- ┴LL PROGRAM VARIABLES ARE IN ZERO PAGE TO SAVE SPACE. ╘O
- BE ON THE SAFE SIDE, EACH TIME THE ROUTINE IS CALLED, ZEROPAGE
- IS MOVED TO ANOTHER AREA WHILE THE LINE IS LISTED, THEN RESTORED
- TO ITS ORIGINAL. ╘HIS DATA IS STORED IN A FLOATING BUFFER.
- ┘ES, A FLOATING BUFFER THAT IS VERY WELL PROTECTED. ╘HE POINTER
- AT ADDRESS 49/50 POINTS TO THE START OF FREE ╥┴═. ╘RACE USES
- THIS POINTER TO STORE 254 BYTES. ┼ACH TIME ┬┴╙╔├ CREATES A
- VARIABLE, OR A LINE IS ADDED TO THE PROGRAM, THIS POINTER IS
- UPDATED. ╘HUS THIS BUFFER FLOATS IN ╥┴═ THAT WILL RARELY BE
- USED. ├ONCEIVABLY YOU COULD HAVE A PROGRAM SO LONG AND STRING
- INTENSIVE THAT THE DATA WOULD BE OVERWRITTEN, BUT THIS IS
- EXTREMELY UNLIKELY.
- ╞INALLY, THE ROUTINE WAS WRITTEN IN SUCH A WAY AS TO BE
- COMPATIBLE WITH OTHER ═ACHINE ╠ANGUAGE UTILITIES. ╘HE POPULAR
- ADDRESSES AT 251-254 IN ZERO PAGE ARE UNUSED. ┴DDRESSES 248 TO
- 250 ARE USED HOWEVER, MAKING THIS ROUTINE UNUSABLE WITH ╥╙ 232
- DEVICES WITHOUT MODIFICATION TO ╙╙ ╘RACE.
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